The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution

Heres the strange thing about amphibian evolution: You wouldnt know it from the small and rapidly dwindling population of frogs, toads, and salamanders alive today, but for tens of millions of years spanning the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods, amphibians were the dominant land animals on Earth. Some of these ancient creatures achieved crocodile-like sizes, up to 15 feet long (which may not seem so big today but was positively huge 300 million years ago) and terrorized smaller animals as the apex predators of their swampy ecosystems. Before going further, its helpful to define what the word amphibian means. Amphibians differ from other vertebrates in three main ways: First, newborn hatchlings live underwater and breathe via gills, which then disappear as the juvenile undergoes a metamorphosis into its adult, air-breathing form. Juveniles and adults can look very different, as in the case of tadpoles and full-grown frogs. Second, adult amphibians lay their eggs in water, which significantly limits their mobility when colonizing the land. And third, the skin of modern amphibians tends to be slimy rather than reptile-scaly, which allows for the additional transport of oxygen for respiration. The First Amphibians As is often the case in evolutionary history, its impossible to pinpoint the exact moment when the first tetrapods, the four-legged fish that crawled out of the shallow seas 400 million years ago and swallowed gulps of air with primitive lungs, turned into the first true amphibians. In fact, until recently, it was fashionable to describe these tetrapods as amphibians, until it occurred to experts that most tetrapods didnt share the full spectrum of amphibian characteristics. For example, three important genera of the early Carboniferous period—Eucritta, Crassigyrinus, and Greererpeton—can be variously described as either tetrapods or amphibians, depending on which features are being considered. Its only in the late Carboniferous period, from about 310 to 300 million years ago, that we can comfortably refer to the first true amphibians. By this time, some genera had attained relatively monstrous sizes—a good example being Eogyrinus (dawn tadpole), a slender, crocodile-like creature that measured 15 feet from head to tail. Interestingly, the skin of Eogyrinus was scaly rather than moist, evidence that the earliest amphibians needed to protect themselves from dehydration. Another late Carboniferous/early Permian genus, Eryops, was much shorter than Eogyrinus but more sturdily built, with massive, tooth-studded jaws and strong legs. At this point, its worth noting a rather frustrating fact about amphibian evolution: Modern amphibians, which are technically known as lissamphibians, are only remotely related to these early monsters. Lissamphibians, which include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and rare earthworm-like amphibians called caecilians, are believed to have radiated from a common ancestor that lived in the middle Permian or early Triassic periods, and its unclear what relationship this common ancestor may have had to late Carboniferous amphibians like Eryops and Eogyrinus. Its possible that modern lissamphibians branched off from the late Carboniferous Amphibamus, but not everyone subscribes to this theory. Prehistoric Amphibians: Lepospondyls and Temnospondyls As a general rule, the amphibians of the Carboniferous and Permian periods can be divided into two camps: small and weird-looking (lepospondyls), and big and reptilelike (temnospondyls). The lepospondyls were mostly aquatic or semiaquatic, and more likely to have the slimy skin characteristic of modern amphibians. Some of these creatures (such as Ophiderpeton and Phlegethontia) resembled small snakes; others, like Microbrachis, were reminiscent of salamanders, and some were simply unclassifiable. A good example of the last is Diplocaulus: This three-foot-long lepospondyl had a huge, boomerang-shaped skull, which might have functioned as an undersea rudder. Dinosaur enthusiasts should find the temnospondyls easier to swallow. These amphibians anticipated the classic reptilian body plan of the Mesozoic Era: long trunks, stubby legs, big heads, and in some cases scaly skin, and many of them (like Metoposaurus and Prionosuchus) resembled large crocodiles. Probably the most infamous of the temnospondyl amphibians was the impressively named Mastodonsaurus; the name means nipple-toothed lizard and has nothing to do with the elephant ancestor. Mastodonsaurus had an almost comically oversized head that accounted for nearly a third of its 20-foot-long body. For a good portion of the Permian period, the temnospondyl amphibians were the top predators of the Earths landmasses. That all changed with the evolution of the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) toward the end of the Permian period. These large, nimble carnivores chased the temnospondyls back into the swamps, where most of them slowly died out by the beginning of the Triassic period. There were a few scattered survivors, though: For example, the 15-foot-long Koolasuchus thrived in Australia in the middle Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years after its temnospondyl cousins of the northern hemisphere had gone extinct. Introducing Frogs and Salamanders As stated above, modern amphibians (lissamphibians) branched off from a common ancestor that lived anywhere from the middle Permian to the early Triassic periods. Since the evolution of this group is a matter of continuing study and debate, the best we can do is to identify the earliest true frogs and salamanders, with the caveat that future fossil discoveries may push the clock back even further. Some experts claim that the late Permian Gerobatrachus, also known as the frogamander, was ancestral to these two groups, but the verdict is mixed. As far as prehistoric frogs are concerned, the best current candidate is Triadobatrachus, or triple frog, which lived about 250 million years ago, during the early Triassic period. Triadobatrachus differed from modern frogs in some important ways: For example, it had a tail, the better to accommodate its unusually large number of vertebrae, and it could only flail its hind legs rather than use them to execute long-distance jumps. But its resemblance to modern frogs is unmistakable. The earliest known true frog was the tiny Vieraella of early Jurassic South America, while the first true salamander is believed to have been Karaurus, a tiny, slimy, big-headed amphibian that lived in late Jurassic central Asia. Ironically—considering that they evolved over 300 million years ago and have survived, with various waxings and wanings, into modern times—amphibians are among the most threatened creatures on the Earth today. Over the last few decades, a startling number of frog, toad, and salamander species have spiraled toward extinction, though no one knows exactly why. The culprits may include pollution, global warming, deforestation, disease, or a combination of these and other factors. If current trends persist, amphibians may be the first major classification of vertebrates to disappear off the face of the Earth.

Effects Of Cell Phones - 1159 Words

Are Cell Phones Destroying a Generation? The onset of cell phones has had a great impact in the modern society, and especially the millennials or the teens, and as such it has led to the destruction of a generation. It is apparent that what researchers call the iGen, people born between the year 1995 and the year 2012, depend greatly on their cell phones and their well-being majorly depends on their cell phones (Twenge 188). Researchers also prove that the iGen value their cell phones more that the real people because which proves that the cell phones dictate every aspect of their lives. The onset of the smartphones has defined the characteristics of the millennials which has led to a great change in the social aspects of the teens in†¦show more content†¦The among the degree of lack of happiness among the Millennials is hinged on the discontinuity of generational trends that has been witnessed across the decades. In this way, the onset of cell phones changed every aspect of teenager’s lives. The unhappy nature of the Millennials is evident in a study that was conducted by the Monitoring the Future survey which paints a clear picture about screen-generated crisis among the youth. There is additional proof of the way cell phones has made Millennials unhappier that their predecessors, and this is apparent from the fact that all screen activities and links to less happiness and all the non-screen activities are linked to more happiness (Chatterjee 82). Researchers also posit that the eighth-graders that spend 10 or more hours per week on social media tend to be 56 percent more likely to confirm that they are unhappy compared to those that spend less time on social media. The case is different when the effect of the twelfth-grade data is examined as there is realized similar levels of happiness disregarding the fact that they might be either on the higher or lower end of the use of cell phones and social media in general (Twenge 190). Research sugg ests that high school students that use their cell phones to access the social media a lot are more are lessShow MoreRelatedEffects of Cell Phone1609 Words   |  7 Pagesfunctions of a standard wired telephone but is smaller and more mobile. A cell phone requires a subscription to a service provider and requires either a prepaid or monthly billing setup. Generally, they have more functions than traditional land lines and need to be charged after a period of time. Also called mobile phone or mobile device.—BusinessDictionary.com A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a device that can make and receive telephone calls over a radioRead MoreEffects of Cell Phones2235 Words   |  9 Pagesusage of cell phones outweighs the benefits, we should educate people on how to manage their usage of cell phones or use a different mean of communication. The Effects that Cell Phones have on Society Introduction In the United States of America, there are over one hundred million cell phone users. This number is growing at an astonishing rate of more than sixty thousand people per day. (Cellular Telephones) Thirty percent of all Americans have joined the mobile-phone revolutionRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects996 Words   |  4 Pagesone another. Personally, I use my phone probably way more than I should due to all of the cool extra functions it has. It is extremely hard to avoid cell phones in today’s society. However, these cellular devices have a few negatives. The radiation from cell phones and their towers has been linked to causing cancer, they are a huge source of distraction, and these phones can sometimes overheat and catch on fire. To begin, the radiation caused mainly by cell phone towers is becoming huge concernRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world resemble in the event that we didn t have any cell phones? Why is it that we get out of our comfort zone when we do not have access to our phones? Nowadays, cell phones have such a noteworthy effect on our day to day lives, and we owe it to the advancement of technology. In this research paper, we will take a closer look at this phenomenon by examining the evolution of cell phone devices, and it’s effects on society. Cell phones, as we know them haven’t been around for that long. The quickRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Communication992 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing up, I did not have a personal cell phone. The only technology in our house was a television, located in the living room. My parents were extremely strict and even put restrictions on the use of our television. Most of my time was spent reading books instead of using technology. I got my first cell phone, a flip phone, when I turned twelve years old. I was only allowed to use my phone during the day to make calls in case of an emergency and before going to bed, my parents would take it awayRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Society938 Words   |  4 Pages Technology today is very advanced and useful. Cell phones, especially, can impact us in a very positive way. It would be very safe to assume that 75% of the world’s population owns a cell phone; young and old alike. Despite their popularity and constan t use, however, the negative effects that cell phones have on their users outweighs the benefits. Although cell phones do have their perks, if they are used in the wrong way they can potentially become addictive toys that distract and destroyRead MoreNegative Effects of Cell Phones1731 Words   |  7 Pagestask easier. A cell phone is a type of technology that is a common thing to see in everyday life. The world and the people in it have gotten used to this technology. Cell phones are making the lives of an estimated two hundred sixty five million Americans (Natterson 103) and three billion worldwide (Natterson 103), easier. As useful as cell phones may be, there are negative effects in over using cell phones. Cell phone technology was first developed in the 1980’s, but cell phones became common inRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effects On Society958 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscovered. A bacterial infection such as MRSA and E. coli bacteria that could lead to vomiting and diarrhea. When it comes down to the health issue for the use of cell phones is it really worth making ourselves prone to some potential health issues that could be avoided. The International Telecommunication Union reported nearly 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions at the end of 2011. That’s 86 out of every 100 people worldwide, those including millennial and generation Z. It a pity that we are so uneducatedRead MoreNegative Effects Of Cell Phones1192 Words   |  5 PagesIn this day and age, more than half of the worlds population owns and uses cell phones. It is a well-known fact that cell phones emit low doses of radiation each time one is used, however, people tend to brush it off and not think about the long-term effects it may have. Its only small doses, what harm can come from it? That is a question us cell phone users may ask ourselves, yet never really look into or research. Maybe its because we choose not to know the actual truth and just focus on theRead MoreCell Phones And Its Effect On Children Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesTeenagers are constantly on their cell phone, which leads to extreme overuse of it. In an acknowledgeable book, Ling (2004) described how teenagers use cell phones and the direct effects of having one. Adolescence is a period in someone’s life in which they develop their own identity and self-esteem. So, teenagers are at a very influential time in their life and cell phones take advantage of that. When a teen decides to use a cell phone, they are not acting with their own ideas, but rather the culture

Risk Management in Account to Engineering- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theRisk Management in Account to Engineering. Answer: Introduction Risk management is the assessment, pointing out of areas of fault that is carried out by an organization to be able to know if their business can be able to continue running smoothly, without experiencing interference. It facilitates the monitoring of risks and thereby making sure; they are controlled thus cutting down the percentage of loss to the organization. This can also be an upside to an organization as the assessment can very well be the turning point of capitalizing in on boosts to the organization thereby when risk management is taken into play it brings an aura of opportunities that can be realized Hester (2008). The main agenda of the form of management is to ensure that occurring risks or risks that are seen to want to deflect the companys goals are to be dealt with in terms of deflecting the negative impact that may befall an organization Das (2007). Organizations have the option of having the risk assessors in the organization and this actually helps a lot as the organ ization does not have to outsource its workers thus reducing costs and increases the chances of performing better as their work is solely checked whether all angles of the company are safe and whether to put in place rules and regulations in regards to working areas so us to curb the redundancy of errors. Principles of Risk Management There are the principles in regards to risk which constitute of, creating value this is seen as the resources used to limit a seen risk should be less than that which is being limited if it would actually be let free and the company to find the problem its costs should be less. This is due to companies would be happy to see risk method prevention being cheaper Hester (2008). Being tailorable, here it means that the risk being undertaken is controllable and can be well extinguished by having the risk assessors take care of the problem this is so as when there is a conflict between the organization and the risk assessors the probability of damage being encountered is high Reniers (2016). Considering human factors is another critical point as they should take a seat back and assess the whole risk properly with no need for haste as it may cost some employees their jobs, thus proper management and have the human aspect in consideration they ought to ensure its fallbacks do not cripple the human relationship aspect. There is the aspect of having periodically assessed format where the organization is keen to check on its working and having the interest to know how things are faring, whether there are any risks cropping up, and if so what are the steps being put in place to curb them. Another factor is openly addressing uncertainties and assumptions this should be a vocal point of this all as when problems are encountered its good to state what is to be expected and if not, so what would the disadvantages be and how can they be faced and dealt with without having too many losses following each other Das (2007). Large and Widespread in the Longford Gas Explosion 1998 The Longford gas explosion was a horrific disaster that occurred in the year 1998 on the date of September 25 when an explosion took place at an industrial gas station known as the Esso natural gas plant at the Longford premises in the Australian state of Victoria Gipps land area. Due to this catastrophe, some lives were lost as the total of dead was 2 and 8sustained injuries ranging from very serious to some luckily having escaped the tragedy with little bits of cuts. The catastrophe also caused the state's gas supply to be restricted for approximately two weeks thus crumbling the on day goings on businesses for that period Cause of Failure The cause of failure is attributed to the fact that it was in a very bad state so much that the then Wales premier the late Sir Neville described it as a waste and ramshackle, this shows how badly off the lean oil pump was and how its defunct state contributed to the accident that occurred. Also, another profound inquiry into the incident showed that the first major cause of the incident was the very bad way the pumps had been fastened in which it caused the pipes to expand at an alarming rate which causes the left front wheel of gas tank to come causing it to jerk off, in this is seen as the main cause due to the lackluster maintenance that wasnt being carried out on the gas plant itself that caused a high turnover and poor procedures on the companies inspections and close checkups Reniers (2016). Another factor to the explosion was the unavailability of workplace safety and the no employee training. With this in hand and the lackluster building of the gas structure which had been built poorly in terms of its height was one meter lower than the baseline and also the virtue of adding too many metals that could not be able to facilitate the rapid change of temperatures in the system thus succumbing to the high pressures thus leading to the explosion. The tumbling of the construction due to the explosion further increased the deaths as it crushed through the rooms where they were stored and ripped through walls easily thus burning others intensely. The failure of carrying out an audit for hazards also proved to share a hand in this as the company did not bother with such details its sole aim was to make profits thus did not bother having their system equipments checked for proper functionalities. Why it Qualifies as an Engineering Failure. It qualifies as an engineering failure as seen by the matters that led to its failure. This is so as if the contractors who were building the gas tank did not neglect the tanks then maybe the gas pipes would not have succumbed to the force of too much heat running through it. In addition, if Esso the company had trained it workers by use of the engineering acts at the place they would have been able to cope with the tragedy as they would have been able to try and curb the fire that engulfed the premises. The other prevailing factor is that of the pipes not being assessed appropriately this is done by the tank gas engineers who ought to be seeing whether the alignment of the pipes and their meters are working correctly, this is vital so as to avoid such disasters from happening in this situation its the gas tanks pipes poor maintenance that brought about the pipes losing its way and blowing up thereby causing the harsh collision with the enclosed building thus bringing it down partial ly. Here the engineers were the ones to help avoid this but due to poor mannerisms and keeping on modifying the bolts and nuts not looking at their capabilities led to this disaster Haring (2015). If I was in the engineers seat in all these failures that were experienced, I would have done things differently by making sure the companies cylinders and pipeline were checked and rechecked within a span of months so as to ensure safety is in the storage area this would lead to proper checkups and analysis thus ensuring good workings and comfortable checkups without having doubts. On the next point of the explosion I would ensure the proper guidelines are followed as the company had faults which were encountered due to an engineers thirst to finish up his project this would not be the case for me as I would ensure the construction of the gas state policies are adhered to and that nothing is added to the construction. The barriers that would have helped this accident from occurring is having safety bodies and construction manuals and guides in terms of having construction assessments to see whether the engineers are following the protocols in constructions. The lessons learned from this failure is that things are to be followed to the letter and that misjudging of things can lead to dire consequences. Thereby its positive to follow governing rules so as to have a good working environment. After the Australian government, put up this failure laws and enactments, which sort to ensure that the public safety is a priority, it did so by having construction rules and policies which are followed to the letter thus curbing the inaccurately constructed or engineered projects Haring (2015). The inherent risk was the loss of life, which is very large in this particular review as seen as from the causes of the accident that led up to the fateful tragedy. The risk assessment on the matter was very high as both causes signified a high amount of ignorance and complacency this brought forward the notion of poor governance. Though with the following of mandates and rules the loss of 2 lives and the injured being 8 is a big catastrophe this shows that the cost of repairs and maintenance is not more than that of the departed and injured lives. By so engineers ought to have better mannerisms to ensure the safety of personnel Renier (2016). References Das, (2007).Risk management: swaps financial derivatives library. Singapore, J. Wiley. Hester Harrison, (2008).Risk assessment and risk management. Cambridge, Royal Society of Chemistry. Beaver Parker, (2015).Risk management: problems solutions. New York, McGraw-Hill. Berends, (2011).Risk Management for Design and Construction. Hoboken, John Wiley Sons. Meyer Reniers, (2016).Engineering risk management. Niwa, (2009).Knowledge-based risk management in engineering: a case study in human-computer cooperative systems. New York, Wiley. Hayes, (2007).Risk management in engineering construction: implications for project managers: a report of research supported by the SERC specially promoted program me in construction management and prepared by the Project Management Group, UMIST. Ha?Ring, (2015).Risk analysis and management: engineering resilience.

Arranged Marriages Essays (503 words) - Philosophy Of Love

Arranged Marriages Arranged Marriages My Stand: I believe that arranged marriages are a social injustice. I feel that they deprive individuals of their liberation and goes against the first amendment freedom of speech, press, assembly and most of all choice. Marriage is a commitment of two people who have made a vow to love each other till death. Well in India, marriages are arranged and set up by the parents of the bride, without her consent. The parents search for a man they feel is compatible for their daughter, based on his background, wealth and health. Imagine crying but no one sees your tears. Imagine you can't play music or watch T.V., just imagine your freedom is taken from you, because of the traditions that occur in your culture. Imagine that you have to spend the rest of your life with a person you don't love. I take the stand on this issue, on the basis of this principle, as stated in ?The World Philosophy/A text with reading?, pg. 263. ?Tradition, authority and prejudice, all three of these items are ambiguous and one can view them negatively as a source of error or positively as the necessary accompaniment of all knowledge and experience.? ?Tradition is only a form of authority.? ?No amount of emancipation can free one from one's culture and heritage. Tradition, authority and prejudice are just words for pre- experience and pre-knowledge which becomes indeed the conditions of all the future experiences and knowledge. These words underline the essential historicity of man, the fact that he is born into and limited within a culture from which limits he can soar, though always in a limited way.? The principle as I interpreted is conveying that, rituals are a form of power that enables people to practice these traditions through the course of their lives. Who makes these traditions and why must we adhere to them? No quantity of liberation can at no cost rescue or deliver an individual from customs. It's a way of life for them and they have no choice; just because your culture lives by certain tradition, that does not make these acts just. Ritual, power and bigotry highlights the vital accounts of individuals born, contained by a society where the voice is spoken, but never quite heard. In conclusion, and I Quote, ?True love cannot be found where it does not exist, nor can it be hidden where it truly does.? This quote, which was obtained through research, supports my stand on this issue. Love is not something that you just fall into. You may want to love someone but can't verbatim you may not want to love someone but do. Marriage is something special, sacred and should be shared with the person you love and hold close to your heart. It is important that we acknowledge that cultural practices, do lead to oppression of women in this country. It is a complicated dilemma, but the plight of women that are forced to marry demands attention. Philosophy Essays

Bacteria Essays - Metabolism, Soil Biology, Photosynthesis

Bacteria Essays - Metabolism, Soil Biology, Photosynthesis Bacteria Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira, which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms. Bacteria grow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions. ? When most people think of bacteria, they think of disease-causing organisms, like the Streptococcus bacter ia growing in culture in this picture, which were isolated from a man with strep throat. While pathogenic bacteria are notorious for such diseases as cholera, tuberculosis, and gonorrhea, such disease-causing species are a comparatively tiny fraction of the bacteria as a whole. ? Bacteria are so widespread that it is possible only to make the most general statements about their life history and ecology. They may be found on the tops of mountains, the bottom of the deepest oceans, in the guts of animals, and even in the frozen rocks and ice of Antarctica. One feature that has enabled them to spread so far, and last so long is their ability to go dormant for an extended period. ? ? Bacteria have a wide range of envronmental and nutritive requirements. ? Most bacteria may be placed into one of three groups based on their response to gaseous oxygen. Aerobic bacteria thrive in the presence of oxygen and require it for their continued growth and existence. Other bacteria are anaerobic, an d cannot tolerate gaseous oxygen, such as those bacteria which live in deep underwater sediments, or those which cause bacterial food poisoning. The third group are the facultative anaerobes, which prefer growing in the presence of oxygen, but can continue to grow without it. ? Bacteria may also be classified both by the mode by which they obtain their energy. Classified by the source of their energy, bacteria fall into two categories: heterotrophs and autotrophs. Heterotrophs derive energy from breaking down complex organic compounds that they must take in from the environment this includes saprobic bacteria found in decaying material, as well as those that rely on fermentation or respiration. ? The other group, the autotrophs, fix carbon dioxide to make their own food source; this may be fueled by light energy (photoautotrophic), or by oxidation of nitrogen, sulfur, or other elements (chemoautotrophic). While chemoautotrophs are uncommon, photoautotrophs are common and quite dive rse. They include the cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, purple sulfur bacteria, and purple nonsulfur bacteria. The sulfur bacteria are particularly interesting, since they use hydrogen sulfide as hydrogen donor, instead of water like most other photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria. ? ? Bacteria play important roles in the global ecosystem. ? The ecosystem, both on land and in the water, depends heavily upon the activity of bacteria. The cycling of nutrients such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur is completed by their ceaseless labor. ? Organic carbon, in the form of dead and rotting organisms, would quickly deplete the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere if not for the activity of decomposers. This may not sound too bad to you, but realize that without carbon dioxide, there would be no photosynthesis in plants, and no food. When organisms die, the carbon contained in their tissues becomes unavailble for most other living things. Decomposition is the breakdown of these or ganisms, and the release of nutrients back into the environment, and is one of the most important roles of the bacteria. ? The cycling of nitrogen is another important activity of bacteria. Plants rely on nitrogen from the soil for their health and growth, and cannot acquire it from the gaseous nitrogen in the atmosphere. The primary way in which nitrogen becomes available to them is through nitrogen fixation

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 55

Assignment - Essay Example Likewise, the formation of this team was disclosed to be part of Zuckerberg’s Internet.org initiative, which allegedly aims to bring connections to parts of the world where access to the Web has not yet been reached. Therefore, to enable connections to be made possible, it was disclosed that new technologies would have to be invented, which, accordingly would necessitate working with drones, satellites and lasers (Albergotti, 2014). Concurrently, Albergotti (2014) also revealed that Facebook has made other business ventures and acquisitions to expand its organizational sphere. As noted, Facebook had reportedly agreed to purchase â€Å"Oculus VR, a maker of virtual reality goggles, for $2 billion†¦ (and) announced a $19 billion deal to acquire WhatsApp, a mobile messaging service† (Albergotti, 2014, p. 1). As indicated, these business ventures fare lesser in scope and amount of investments when compared to the launching Connectivity Lab. The manner by which connections to remote places would be accessed was described as â€Å"sending infrared light beams to the earth, using satellites for rural areas and solar powered aircraft for more suburban areas that lack Internet connections† (Albergotti, 2014, p. 1). These future plans evidently indicates that Facebook has made advanced thrusts to capture opportunities in currently remote areas towards the organization’s outlook for unprecedented growth through technological innovations. Albergotti, R. (2014, March 27). Facebook Creates Team to Beam Internet Everywhere on Earth. Retrieved from The Wall Street Journal:

Leading a Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leading a Team - Essay Example Leaders exercise their power in making final decisions and also in implementing rules and regulations (Berry and Cartwright 2000).The skills that are essential in a leader in order to lead a team are decisiveness, motivational capability, communication, management, goal orientation, persuasiveness and optimism. Motivation is an essential trait of leadership. Leaders are never successful without having the skill of motivation. The leader should be self-motivated and should encourage his co-workers to perform better. Along with motivation, leaders should be able to persuade people to work in a set direction. For persuading team members, leaders must have an exemplary personality and should prove themselves as an example for their team members. For convincing team members to work in a certain direction, leaders must be communicative. They are required to communicate with their team members in order to gather ideas and decide accordingly. Leaders should make decisions after listening to their team members. The final decision should be of the leader’s. The leader should be decisive and should not rely wholly on his team members in order to come to a conclusion. Every team member should be given a chance to share his views concerning an issue or problem but the responsibility of decision-making rests on the shoulders of the leader. Leaders are required to be optimistic and goal oriented. The positivity of leaders inspires the team members to come up with positive results concerning assigned tasks. The leaders keep goals for themselves and their team members and make sure that their set goals are met. Successful leaders are those who are able to meet their set goals. Leaders are asked to follow 5 P’s to come up as effective and efficient leaders. They are: â€Å"Pay attention to what’s important†, â€Å"Praise what you want to continue†, â€Å"Punish what you want to stop†, â€Å"Pay for the results